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This article explores the impact of social media (SM) on the marketing goals of organizations in Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic. We examine the extent to which firms utilize social media marketing to promote their products in Iran compared to the pre-COVID-19 era. The validity and reliability of the 279 survey results are confirmed using internal and external validity and Cronbach's alpha. The results show that there is a significant positive relationship between the use of SM and the distraction level. Moreover, the gender of the marketer has an impact on the perceived usefulness and application of SM. Finally, a positive effect of working hours per day on the SM usage and the marketing performance is observed. Despite a negative distraction effect, there is no evidence of reduced marketing performance. This research could help organizations to influence the purchasing processes of customers more effectively and at a lower cost. © 2022 by the authors.
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Due to the physiological changes of the pregnancy and considering the susceptibility of the fetus, pregnant women are among the vulnerable health groups. The current COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has multiplied the health burden on vulnerable and susceptible groups. With over 500,000 new cases daily, the vulnerable groups are in danger more than ever. Therefore, early diagnosis, effective treatment, and efficient prevention strategies are significant among these groups. Since the clinical knowledge about the diagnosis, management, prevention, and many other aspects of pregnancy and lactation during COVID-19 has significantly changed and improved from the pandemic's beginning, most of the previous knowledge has changed, and the previous publications might not be helpful anymore. This review aims to provide an updated and comprehensive review of the mutual impact of pregnancy and COVID-19 infection, discuss the current controversies based on the most recent findings, and highlight the existing knowledge gaps. Due to the increased susceptibility, undesired outcomes are more expected among pregnant women with COVID-19 infection. Still, prevention measures are the best way of managing COVID-19 in this population. Moreover, further clinical studies should address the long-term complications, outcomes, safety of vaccination, and the impact of the pandemic on mental health.
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Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, affects almost every aspect of human life. To confront this crisis, a separate ward called gray area was designed for emergency departments (EDs) and applied at the provincial level in East-Azerbaijan, Iran. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of this project, increase the serviceability and segregation of the location of infected patients, and show how feasible and fruitful it can be. Methods: This study is an analytical study. The statistical data collection from 39 hospitals was performed between 20 March to 21 September 2020. Descriptive Statistics as well as correlation coefficients were calculated using the 26th version of IBM SPSS. Results: Among 77 489 COVID-19 patients admitted to the EDs, approximately 0.38% of patients died in EDs. 22.63% of EDs area was allocated to COVID-19 patients and 70.46% of ED nurses, worked in the gray area. There was no significant correlation between area, number of patients, number of nurses, number of shifts of nurses, number of nurses for each patient, number of nurse shifts for each patient, and area for each patient with mortality rate and rates of disposition in 6 and 12 hours. Conclusion: Gray area is an appropriate strategy to confront COVID-19 in EDs and if more studies approve these results, this strategy can be used to confront this pandemic and future similar conditions in resource-limited countries. © 2022 The Author(s).
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Due to the physiological changes of the pregnancy and considering the susceptibility of the fetus, pregnant women are among the vulnerable health groups. The current COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has multiplied the health burden on vulnerable and susceptible groups. With over 500,000 new cases daily, the vulnerable groups are in danger more than ever. Therefore, early diagnosis, effective treatment, and efficient prevention strategies are significant among these groups. Since the clinical knowledge about the diagnosis, management, prevention, and many other aspects of pregnancy and lactation during COVID-19 has significantly changed and improved from the pandemic's beginning, most of the previous knowledge has changed, and the previous publications might not be helpful anymore. This review aims to provide an updated and comprehensive review of the mutual impact of pregnancy and COVID-19 infection, discuss the current controversies based on the most recent findings, and highlight the existing knowledge gaps. Due to the increased susceptibility, undesired outcomes are more expected among pregnant women with COVID-19 infection. Still, prevention measures are the best way of managing COVID-19 in this population. Moreover, further clinical studies should address the long-term complications, outcomes, safety of vaccination, and the impact of the pandemic on mental health.
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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a chief concern of the international community. As of May 2021, more than 150 million cases and 3.2 million deaths have been recorded. Considering the early struggle in treating COVID-19 patients, the researchers and clinicians have decided to try the previously available drugs according to their mechanisms of action. This article aims to review the potential drugs for COVID-19 patients during pregnancy and breastfeeding and their safety. PubMed and Scopus databases and Google Scholar engine were searched with the proper combination of the free keywords and MeSH Terms of COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Pregnancy, Breastfeeding, Treatment, Pharmacotherapy, Drug Therapy, and Drug Safety. All relevant clinical studies published until the end of 2020 were considered in this review. Many antivirals, antibiotics, antiparasitics, and antipyretics have been proposed, but most of them are not registered for COVID-19 or have demonstrated little effect on the disease. Since there is still a long way to find an effective drug for the treatment of COVID-19, prevention is currently the most effective way. Also, prescribing drugs to these two groups of patients should be done according to the safety recommendations. © 2021 The authors.
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In the outbreak of infectious diseases, non-pharmacological intervention might be the only available protection tools. The aim of this systematic review is to investigate whether it is or is not necessary to wear masks in new corona virus (COVID-19) outbreaks in the community. On February, 28, 2020, related databases were searched with the following keywords: “COVID-19“;“COVID 19“;2019-nCoV;2019-CoV;coronavirus;mask* and facemask. We updated the search in March 13, 2020. A total of 982 relevant reports were identified after removing duplicates. Of these, 71 references were screened based on titles and abstracts. After excluding unrelated studies, 36 studies were included in the full-text review and were assessed for eligibility. Finally, 3 articles met our inclusion criteria. In three wards of hospital with more exposure to infected patients, wearing the N95 respirator while using regular disinfectants and hand hygiene, was a better way to prevent COVID-19 transmission from patients to nurses and physicians when compared to non-users of masks. Another study on family members with a history of travelling to Wuhan, showed that those who had worn a surgical mask only during the hospital visit, were infected. However, the 7 years old child of the family who wore a surgical mask, was not found to be infected by COVID-19. Finally, none of eleven healthcare workers who had unprotected exposure with confirmed cases were infected. Due to the newness of the COVID-19 virus, no clinical trials have been found regarding the use of the masks in the prevention of the disease, and the level of evidence were low. © 2020. All rights reserved.